Minting coins help Orhan rule the Ottoman Empire as: It helped fund the military.

Europeans enslaved large numbers of Indigenous people, seized Indigenous land, and tried to destroy native cultures and religions.

The Europeans accidentally introduced diseases to the Americas that decimated Indigenous populations. Europeans also enslaved large numbers of Indigenous people, seized Indigenous land, and tried to destroy native cultures and religions.

The Safavids were prominent in Northwestern Iran.

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The Sahel is a band of arid land between the Sahara and forested areas.

The Sahel, a narrow band of semi-arid land that forms a transition zone between the Sahara to the north and the savannas to the south.

At around 1000 BCE, Jerusalem became an important religious site.

In 1000 B.C., King David conquered Jerusalem and made it the capital of the Jewish kingdom. Jerusalem holds great importance to all three major monotheistic faiths as the home of the the Dome of the Rock, the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, and the remnants of the Jewish Temple. Jerusalem is a site of spiritual and religious significance for Christians, Jews, and Muslims

European countries such as France, the Netherlands, Britain, and Russia help to prop up the weak ottoman government in the 19th century.

Tokugawa period, also called Edo period, (1603–1867), the final period of traditional Japan, a time of internal peace, political stability, and economic growth under the shogunate (military dictatorship) founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu