Four effects of soil erosion caused by water include: 1) loss of fertile topsoil, leading to reduced agricultural productivity; 2) increased sedimentation in water bodies, impairing water quality and aquatic ecosystems; 3) altered soil structure and reduced water-holding capacity, leading to increased runoff and flooding; and 4) increased vulnerability to droughts due to decreased soil moisture retention.

Four effects of soil erosion caused by wind include: 1) loss of topsoil, reducing soil fertility and agricultural productivity; 2) formation of sand dunes and desertification, leading to the loss of vegetation and habitat degradation; 3) air pollution and health risks due to the inhalation of airborne soil particles; and 4) damage to infrastructure and property through abrasive action and deposition of wind-blown sediment.