It is impossible to predict which two alleles each parent contributes for a given gene because of the: organism's chromosomes based solely on the outward appearance of that organism.

A Punnett square is a diagram used to map out the possible genotypes of a child given the genotypes of its parents. In a Punnett square, the genotype of one parent is listed in the first row of the square, and the genotype of the second parent is listed in the first column.

The central dogma help people understand the process by which DNA is turned into protein when: suggests that DNA contains the information needed to make all of our proteins, and that RNA is a messenger that carries this information to the ribosomes.

The two steps involved in the process of gene expression are: transcription and translation.

A retrovirus is a virus that uses RNA as its genetic material. Retroviruses causes diseases and use reverse transcriptase to transform their single-stranded RNA into double-stranded DNA. HIV is an example of a retrovirus.

Pluripotent cells can give rise to all of the cell types that make up the body; embryonic stem cells are considered pluripotent. Multipotent cells can develop into more than one cell type, but are more limited than pluripotent cells; adult stem cells and cord blood stem cells are considered multipotent.